The overriding principle is that authors should keep formatting as simple as possible. The aim should be to provide only words and spacing. When in doubt, do not add formatting.
Spelling and Language
Please use English spelling and expressions and use endings in ‘ise/isation’ rather than ‘ize/ization’.
Keying in the Text
Single spaces should be used after full stops and other punctuation marks and none before.
Do not leave additional space between paragraphs and do not indent new paragraphs. In other words, a new paragraph is indicated by a single ‘return’.
Numbers, Dates & Abbreviations
Numbers under 20 should appear in words.
Percentages should appear as ‘per cent’ and not ‘%’.
Dates should appear as: 1 January 2005.
No full-stops are used with abbreviations. Abbreviations such as ‘e.g.’ and ‘i.e.’ may be used in the footnotes but should be written out in the text.
Acronyms are also written without full-stops (UN, UNDP, WTO).
Quotations
Quotations longer than 50 words should be presented as independent, fully-indented paragraphs without quotation marks.
Quotations of less than 50 words should be presented in the text with single quotation marks.
Quotations from foreign languages should normally appear in English translation but the original text may also be reproduced if necessary.
Capitalisation
Capitalisation should be used sparingly, for instance for proper names of persons, places, institutions.
Headings and Subheadings
It is recommended that no more than three degrees of heading are used. Headings 1, 2 and 3 should be clearly distinguished.
Authors are encouraged to use the word processor’s styles. Thus, Heading 1 style should be used for the first degree of heading, Heading 2 for the second degree and so on. The text should appear in ‘normal’ style.
Headings and sub-headings should be hierarchically numbered. See the example given in the section above for (“table of contents”). |
|
Please note that LEAD Journal uses footnotes and cannot accept the author-date system of referencing.
Footnotes should be used rather than endnotes. They should be produced by means of the word processor’s automatic footnote system. Arabic numerals are to be used for numbering footnotes.
References to footnotes in the text should appear after, and not before, punctuation marks.
All footnotes end with a full stop.
In footnotes, terms such as op cit, ibid should not be used.
Id can be used for strictly consecutive citations.
Multiple cites in one footnote: In a case where there are 2 references, they should be linked by 'and'. Where there are 3 (or more) references, the first two should be separated by commas and the last two by 'and'.
Cross-references to other footnotes should take the form of ‘note XX above’, where 'XX' is the footnote number which is to be inserted by means of the word processor's 'cross-reference' function so that numbers are automatically updated in case footnotes are added or removed at a later stage.
When a document is referred to in several footnotes, a short form should be used. A reference to a book or article cited earlier should be in the following format:
See Author Surname, note XX above.
Where the document does not have an author or in any circumstances where doubt might arise, the following system should be used: In the first footnote where the document is mentioned, the full cite should be given followed by the following mention '[hereafter XXX]'. For example:
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 16 June 1972, UN Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 (1972) [hereafter Stockholm Declaration].
Any further reference to the 'Stockholm Declaration' should take the following form:
See Stockholm Declaration, note XX above.
|
|
Books
References to printed books should include (in the following order):
- Name of author(s) or editor(s): Initials followed by surname (in case of an edited book, follow name(s) by ‘ed.’ or ‘eds’).
- The title and subtitle of the book in italics.
- Exact page referred to.
- In parentheses: Place of publication: publisher, volume, edition, date.
For instance:
Patricia Birnie, Alan Boyle & Catherine Redgwell, International Law and the Environment 12 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3rd ed. 2009).
Articles
References to articles should include (in the following order):
- Name author(s): Initials followed by surname.
- Title of article or chapter within single quotation marks.
- Volume number of journal.
- Title of the journal in italics.
- Starting page. Where a specific page is cited, a comma is added after the starting page number followed by the page cited.
- Year in parenthesis.
For instance: Lavanya Rajamani, ‘From Berlin to Bali and Beyond: Killing Kyoto Softly?’ 57/4 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. 909, 911 (2008).
Book Chapters
References to book chapters should include (in the following order):
- Name of author(s): Initials followed by surname.
- Title of article or chapter within single quotation marks.
- Name editor(s): Initials followed by surname, followed by ‘ed.’ or ‘eds’.
- The title and subtitle of the book in italics.
- Starting page of the chapter. Where a specific page is cited, a comma is added after the starting page number followed by the page cited.
- In parentheses: Place of publication: publisher, edition, date.
For instance: Alix Gowlland Gualtieri, ‘International Human Rights Aspects of Water Law Reforms’, in Philippe Cullet, Alix Gowlland-Gualtieri, Roopa Madhav & Usha Ramanathan eds, Water Law for the Twenty-first Century: National and International Aspects of Water Law Reforms in India 237, 240 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009).
Multiple Authors
For publications that have multiple authors, each author should be cited for up to three authors. For instance: Kevin T. Pickering and Lewis A. Owen, An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues (London: Routledge, 1994). For publications with more than three authors, the first author should be cited followed by ‘et al.’.
For instance: Wolfgang Sachs et al., Greening the North - A Post-Industrial Blueprint for Ecology and Equity (London: Zed, 1998).
Unpublished Material
For unpublished material such as working papers or conference papers, please use the following model (no italics, no quotation marks for the title).
Alix Gowlland-Gualtieri, South Africa’s Water Law and Policy Framework – Implications for the Right to Water (Geneva: International Environmental Law Research Centre, Working Paper 2007-3, 2007), available at http://www.ielrc.org/content/w0703.pdf.
Roopa Madhav, Tirupur Water Supply and Sanitation Project – An Impediment to Sustainable Water Management? (Paper presented at the workshop entitled Legal Aspects of Water Sector Reforms organised by the International Environmental Law research Centre, Geneva 20-21 April 2007).
Case Citations
Case names should be given as they appear in the most authoritative report of the case, should be printed in italics and with the ‘v’ roman. The date of the decision, the name of the specific tribunal and one authoritative source should be mentioned. For instance: Monsanto Canada v Schmeiser, Supreme Court of Canada, Judgement of 21 May 2004, 2004 SCC 34.
International/Regional Legal Materials
Treaties may be cited as follows: Name of treaty followed by the place of adoption, the date of adoption and the source. For instance:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, New York, 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (1976). International documents such as UN documents must be cited by providing the title of the document, the body adopting the document, the reference number and the date of adoption. For instance:
Agenda 21, in Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1 (Vol. 1), Annex II (1992).
UN General Assembly Resolution 47/191, Institutional Arrangements to Follow up the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, UN Doc. A/RES/47/191 (1992).
Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their Utilization, in Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, UN Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20 (2002).
National Legal Materials
The mode of citation of legal materials employed in the country of origin of the article may be used, provided that sufficient information is provided to allow readers in any jurisdiction to retrieve documents cited.
Selected indicative examples:
India, Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001.
Kenya, Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act, Cap. 376 of the Laws of Kenya (Act No. 1 of 1976, 8 Kenya Gazette Supplement, February 1976).
Switzerland, Swiss Federal Law Relating to Non-human Gene Technology 2003, Recueil systématique 814.91.
Web Page References
References to specific web pages and specific URLs are accepted exclusively in situations where there is no other source for the cited material. In all other cases, a full cite must be provided. This can be supplemented by a web page cite for ease of reference but the latter cannot be instead of the former.
In any case, any document whose source is traced to a web site must be cited in full. Authors must provide, where applicable, the author’s name, the title of the article/document and where possible the date of publication.
Authors should not indicate the last date on which they visited a particular website for each reference but should rather ensure that all web references are accurate as of the date of submission of the article.
Newspapers/Magazines
Newspapers and should be cited as per the following example: Sukumar Muralidharan, 'The Seeds of Suicide', The Hindu, 20 July 2004, page 12.
Accuracy of References
Authors are responsible for checking the accuracy of all references. |
 |
